1. What is DevOps?
DevOps is a software development methodology that combines software development (Dev) and IT operations (Ops) to improve collaboration, automation, and continuous delivery.
2. What are the key principles of DevOps?
The key principles of DevOps include automation, continuous integration and deployment, collaboration, monitoring, and security.
3. What are some popular DevOps tools?
Popular DevOps tools include Jenkins, Docker, Kubernetes, Ansible, Terraform, Git, and Prometheus.
4. What is Continuous Integration (CI)?
CI is the practice of frequently merging code changes into a shared repository, followed by automated builds and tests.
5. What is Continuous Deployment (CD)?
CD automates the release of code changes to production, ensuring they are deployed without manual intervention.
6. What is Infrastructure as Code (IaC)?
IaC is the practice of managing infrastructure through code, using tools like Terraform and Ansible.
7. What is the difference between Docker and Kubernetes?
Docker is a containerization tool, while Kubernetes is a container orchestration platform that manages containerized applications.
8. What is a Microservices architecture?
Microservices is an architectural style where applications are composed of small, independent services that communicate via APIs.
9. What is Configuration Management in DevOps?
Configuration Management is the practice of managing and maintaining system configurations using tools like Ansible, Puppet, and Chef.
10. What is Git, and why is it used in DevOps?
Git is a version control system used for tracking code changes, facilitating collaboration, and maintaining version history.
Advanced DevOps Interview Questions
11. What is Jenkins, and how does it support CI/CD?
Jenkins is an open-source automation server that facilitates CI/CD pipelines by automating build, test, and deployment processes.
12. What is a Kubernetes Pod?
A Pod is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes that can contain one or more containers.
13. What is Helm in Kubernetes?
Helm is a package manager for Kubernetes that helps deploy, configure, and manage applications using Helm charts.
14. What is Prometheus?
Prometheus is an open-source monitoring and alerting tool used for collecting and analyzing system metrics.
15. What is Terraform?
Terraform is an Infrastructure as Code tool that automates the provisioning and management of cloud resources.
16. What is Ansible?
Ansible is an open-source automation tool used for configuration management, application deployment, and task automation.
17. What is Blue-Green Deployment?
Blue-Green Deployment is a release management strategy that minimizes downtime by maintaining two environments (Blue and Green).
18. What is Canary Deployment?
Canary Deployment is a strategy where new software changes are released to a small subset of users before a full rollout.
19. What is a Service Mesh?
A Service Mesh is a dedicated infrastructure layer that manages service-to-service communication in a microservices architecture.
20. What is observability in DevOps?
Observability is the practice of monitoring systems, logs, and metrics to gain insights into performance and issues.
21. What is DevSecOps?
DevSecOps integrates security practices into DevOps workflows to ensure security is a shared responsibility.
22. What is Chaos Engineering?
Chaos Engineering is the practice of deliberately injecting failures into systems to test their resilience.
23. What are Kubernetes Operators?
Kubernetes Operators extend the Kubernetes API to manage complex applications and automate tasks.
24. What are the best practices for CI/CD?
Best practices include automation, testing, version control, security, and monitoring.
25. How is AI used in DevOps?
AI helps in anomaly detection, predictive analytics, and automating repetitive DevOps tasks.
26. What is an API Gateway?
An API Gateway manages, routes, and secures API requests between services.
27. What are logging strategies in DevOps?
Effective logging strategies involve centralized logging, log aggregation, and real-time monitoring.
28. What is Load Balancing?
Load Balancing distributes incoming network traffic across multiple servers to ensure reliability.
29. What are Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) principles?
SRE focuses on automation, reliability, and efficient operations of software systems.
30. What is Cloud-Native DevOps?
Cloud-Native DevOps focuses on leveraging cloud-based services and microservices for application development.
31. What is Performance Testing in DevOps?
Performance Testing ensures that applications can handle expected loads without failures.
32. What is Immutable Infrastructure?
Immutable Infrastructure ensures that servers are replaced rather than modified after deployment.
33. What is a Service Level Objective (SLO)?
An SLO defines the target performance and availability of a service.
34. What is a Service Level Agreement (SLA)?
An SLA is a contract that defines the expected level of service between providers and customers.
35. What is a Service Level Indicator (SLI)?
An SLI is a specific metric that measures the performance and reliability of a service.
36. What are Feature Flags?
Feature Flags allow enabling or disabling features without deploying new code.
37. What is a Rolling Deployment?
A Rolling Deployment gradually updates instances to avoid downtime.
38. What is a Reverse Proxy?
A Reverse Proxy forwards client requests to backend servers and helps with load balancing.
39. What is GitOps?
GitOps is a DevOps practice that uses Git repositories as the source of truth for infrastructure.
40. What are the benefits of DevOps automation?
Automation reduces errors, speeds up deployment, and enhances consistency in DevOps workflows.
41. What is Container Orchestration?
Container Orchestration automates deployment, scaling, and management of containers.
42. What is a Stateful vs. Stateless Application?
A Stateful application retains session data, while a Stateless application does not keep user state information.
43. What is Site Reliability Engineering (SRE)?
SRE applies software engineering principles to IT operations to improve reliability.
44. What is Network Security in DevOps?
Network Security includes practices like firewall management, encryption, and access controls.
45. What is Zero Trust Security?
Zero Trust Security assumes no inherent trust in a network and requires strict identity verification.
46. What is the role of monitoring in DevOps?
Monitoring ensures system health, detects failures, and optimizes performance.
47. What is a Circuit Breaker Pattern?
A Circuit Breaker Pattern prevents system failures by stopping requests to failing services.
48. What is Hybrid Cloud in DevOps?
Hybrid Cloud combines public and private cloud resources for flexible deployment.
49. What are Compliance and Governance in DevOps?
Compliance ensures adherence to regulations, while governance establishes best practices.
50. What are the future trends in DevOps?
Future trends include AI-driven automation, GitOps, NoOps, and enhanced cloud-native DevOps.